William D Gerull

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A survey of 66 general surgery residents across four academic institutions found that introverted residents preferred anonymous participation methods in lectures and disliked skills competitions, while extraverted residents had opposite preferences. Across all personality types, receiving feedback on operative technique was rated the most educational and motivating activity in the operating room. Tailoring teaching formats to resident personality traits could improve how residents engage with and benefit from their training.

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This systematic review analyzed published studies on robotic surgery objective performance indicators (OPIs)—automated metrics derived from the robotic platform that measure surgical skill and intraoperative efficiency. OPIs have shown early promise for predicting patient outcomes and providing automated feedback to trainees without requiring expert evaluators. Multicenter validation studies are needed before OPIs can be widely adopted as a standard tool for surgical assessment.

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Researchers used AI-assisted video segmentation to break down robotic hiatal hernia repair cases into five specific tasks and measure how much active control time residents and fellows had in each task. Fellows had over 80% active control time across all tasks, while residents had more involvement in specific tasks like fundus mobilization. This task-level autonomy data gives a concrete roadmap for how trainee involvement should progress through residency.

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Seventy-four patients underwent robotic release of median arcuate ligament syndrome using a strict diagnostic protocol and algorithmic approach at a single center. At one-year follow-up, 90% of patients had no abdominal pain, with no conversions to open surgery and minimal blood loss. Strict patient selection combined with the robotic approach produces reliable relief from this rare and difficult-to-diagnose condition.

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Investigators found a 60% error rate between robotic supply items logged in the hospital record and those actually used in cases, then implemented interventions including barcode scanning and peer education. The error rate dropped from 60% to 16.9% over two years, recovering net revenue through more accurate billing. Systematic documentation improvement in robotic surgery programs has meaningful financial implications that are easy to overlook.

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This chapter reviews why the lung is the most common site of metastases from cancers elsewhere in the body, covering anatomical, vascular, and biochemical factors that make the lung a favorable environment for tumor seeding. Key molecular drivers include VEGF and ICAM-1. Understanding the biology of pulmonary metastases is essential background for designing surgical and systemic treatment strategies.

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Using national transplant registry data from 2006 to 2018, researchers found that lung transplants procured by a team from a different center than the one performing the transplant had similar one-year graft survival and primary graft dysfunction rates as same-team procurement. Different-team procurement declined from 15.9% to 8.5% over the study period despite equivalent outcomes. Expanding different-team procurement could improve logistical flexibility in lung allocation without harming patients.

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Drug overdose donors now make up a larger share of the U.S. donor pool, but organs from these donors have lower utilization rates due to concerns about viral disease transmission. Donor care in a specialized facility was associated with higher organ utilization from overdose donors compared to standard hospital-based care. Close ties between specialized donor care facilities and transplant centers appear to improve communication and donor management.

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In a single-center review of 740 lung transplants, nighttime surgery (6 PM to 5 AM) was associated with 73% higher odds of major postoperative complications, lower five-year survival, and worse bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome-free survival compared to daytime surgery. Costs were similar between groups. These findings support delaying transplantation to daytime hours when clinically feasible.

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A retrospective review of 722 lung transplants compared outcomes for local versus distant organ donors. Despite longer ischemic times in distant transplants (313 vs. 231 minutes), complication rates, hospital stay length, and one-year survival were comparable. Distant transplants cost roughly $46,000 more per case, so the shift toward more distant donors under the new allocation policy increases costs without improving outcomes.

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In a series of 1,854 paraesophageal hernia repairs, the robotic approach was compared to laparoscopic repair. Robotic cases had significantly fewer esophageal lengthening procedures (0.1% vs. 11%), no conversions to open surgery (vs. 7%), and shorter hospital stays (1.8 vs. 3.1 days), despite including more redo repairs. Robotic paraesophageal hernia repair achieves better perioperative outcomes without higher equipment costs.

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Long-term follow-up of 233 patients who underwent robotic paraesophageal hernia repair showed a radiographic recurrence rate of only 9% at five years and a large, sustained improvement in reflux symptom scores. Results held even though 30% of cases were revisional repairs. Robotic repair by an experienced team produces durable outcomes with low recurrence rates over a five-year horizon.

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A 2017 change in lung allocation policy replaced local donor service areas with a 250-nautical-mile radius, leading to more distant procurement. National data showed organ acquisition costs rose by about $2,700 per case and waitlist deaths did not decrease. The policy change increased costs and procurement burden without delivering the expected survival benefit, indicating the need for further refinement.

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Nearly 1,000 children with upper extremity fractures completed PROMIS computer-adaptive tests for pain, function, mobility, and peer relationships. Upper extremity function scores showed the most impairment, but 13% of patients hit the scale's ceiling, indicating maximal function—a limitation. Parent-proxy completion was associated with worse scores across most domains than self-reporting by older children.

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Five laparoscopic surgeons wore electromyography sensors during 24 procedures to measure muscle activation and workload when operating on patients with and without obesity. No significant differences were found in ergonomic stress or perceived workload between the two patient groups. Laparoscopy may neutralize the ergonomic burden of patient obesity that open surgery would impose on surgeons.

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Fourteen novices, 12 expert laparoscopic surgeons, and five expert robotic surgeons performed three Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery tasks on both laparoscopic and robotic platforms. Robotic assistance reduced errors across all experience levels for some tasks but did not improve task completion speed. The robotic platform's main advantage is in precision rather than efficiency, particularly for pattern-cutting and suturing tasks.