DR. JOHN A. FOUNTAIN, M.D.

Plain English
This study looked at how a family history of prostate, breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer affects outcomes for men with prostate cancer who are being monitored without immediate treatment. Researchers found that 11.3% of men with a family history of prostate cancer were reclassified to a higher cancer grade, indicating a more aggressive form of cancer, compared to those with other family histories. Specifically, having a family history of prostate cancer increased the risk of this reclassification, which signifies that these patients may need closer monitoring while under active surveillance. Who this helps: This information benefits patients with prostate cancer and their doctors by informing monitoring strategies.

Plain English
This study looked at how different types of blood collection tubes affect the measurement of doxycycline, a medication used for preventing sexually transmitted infections in high-risk men. Researchers found that blood collected in citrate tubes showed much lower levels of doxycycline—about three times lower—than blood collected in heparin tubes. This is important because accurate doxycycline measurements are crucial for ensuring patients are receiving the right dosage and benefiting from the treatment. Who this helps: This helps patients at risk for sexually transmitted infections and their healthcare providers.

Plain English
The study looked at how a program called HOPEFUL can help young women aged 16-25 who are not in education, employment, or training (NEET) and are facing mental health challenges. It involved 70 participants and aimed to see if providing mentorship along with the HOPEFUL program could improve their outlook, mental health, and social skills. Researchers will decide whether to expand the study based on how well they can recruit and keep participants, as initial results may lead to a larger trial involving 248 young women. Who this helps: This helps young women who are NEET, especially those in disadvantaged coastal areas.

Plain English
This study examined how sheep farmers in New South Wales, Australia, changed their biosecurity practices after a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in Indonesia in 2022. While most farmers recognized the importance of biosecurity, only half made changes to their practices, with only seven participating in awareness programs. Notably, three farmers who took part in these programs reported increased awareness of FMD. Who this helps: This research benefits sheep farmers and agricultural policymakers by highlighting areas for improving biosecurity in the farming community.

Plain English
This study looked at how hospitals decide which patients are suitable for a special type of heart support called Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (ECPR) during cardiac arrest. Researchers reviewed cases from 73 patients and found that only 14 were chosen for ECPR. They identified common reasons why patients were not selected, such as the length of CPR they've already received and their age, revealing five patterns of inconsistency in decision-making that could affect patient outcomes. Who this helps: This helps doctors make better, more consistent decisions about ECPR for their patients in cardiac arrest.

Plain English
This study looked at a new way to monitor the levels of an antiretroviral drug called emtricitabine, which is important for treating and preventing HIV. Researchers developed a specialized tool called an aptamer that can quickly and accurately measure emtricitabine in both animal models and human blood samples, showing a strong agreement with the traditional testing method (95% accuracy). This new approach could help ensure that patients are getting the right dosage of their medication in a timely manner, improving treatment effectiveness and safety. Who this helps: Patients receiving HIV treatment and prevention.

Plain English
This research paper looks at how climate change is affecting different systems in Aotearoa New Zealand and how the country can adapt to these changes. The study found that every sector faces challenges in adapting to climate change, but there are also opportunities to improve responses through better planning, community involvement, and by integrating Māori perspectives. If greenhouse gas emissions are not reduced globally, the ability to adapt will become even more limited in the future. Who this helps: This helps communities, policymakers, and environmental planners in New Zealand.

Plain English
This study looked at a quick and non-destructive way to detect dangerous aflatoxins in single peanut kernels using portable technology. Researchers tested peanuts spiked with aflatoxins in amounts ranging from 30 to 400 parts per billion and found that a technique using FT-IR spectroscopy accurately identified contaminated peanuts 100% of the time. This method is significant because it allows for fast and effective screening of peanuts, which helps ensure food safety and saves costs in peanut processing. Who this helps: This benefits peanut farmers, food producers, and consumers by improving safety measures.

Plain English
Professor Rajeev K. Varshney has made significant contributions to agricultural science by using genomics to improve crops, particularly lesser-known tropical crops. His work has helped develop better seeds and farming methods in developing countries, directly benefiting farmers and their communities. His dedication and mentorship have inspired a new generation of researchers, leading to improved agricultural practices worldwide. Who this helps: This helps farmers, agricultural researchers, and communities in developing countries.

Plain English
This study looked at how well doxycycline, a medication, spreads in different parts of the body after a single dose to help prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs). They found that doxycycline levels in the rectum and vagina were about twice as high as in the blood, remaining effective against certain bacteria for several days—particularly for Chlamydia for four days and Treponema and Neisseria for at least two to three days. This is important because it shows that doxycycline could be an effective prevention method for STIs, especially in targeted populations. Who this helps: This research benefits patients, particularly men who have sex with men, in preventing STIs.

Plain English
This study focused on creating a new diagnostic test to quickly and accurately detect tuberculosis (TB) and related infections caused by other types of mycobacteria. The researchers developed a testing method using special sensors that identified these infections with an impressive accuracy of 99.6%, sensitivity of 100%, and specificity ranging from 98% to 100%. This is significant because it enables fast diagnosis and treatment, which could greatly reduce the number of people suffering and dying from these diseases. Who this helps: This benefits patients with TB and mycobacterial infections by allowing for timely and precise treatment.

Plain English
This study looked at a new type of wound therapy system that uses a vacuum to help heal wounds, comparing it to an existing commercial device. The researchers found that the new system maintained a consistent pressure that was very similar to the commercial device, with the average pressure difference only being slightly higher at about 4.2 mmHg compared to 3.02 mmHg for the commercial device. This matters because it shows that the new system can be a reliable option for treating wounds in settings where a commercial device isn't available. Who this helps: This benefits patients with wounds needing treatment, especially in places where commercial devices can't be used.

Plain English
This study focused on creating a program to help young women who are not in education, employment, or training (NEET) in struggling coastal communities in South-East England. Researchers interviewed 28 people, including NEET young women and support workers, to understand their needs and then developed a mentoring program aimed at building hope and improving self-esteem. The goal is to help these young women pursue meaningful activities and set personal goals, which could lead to better mental health and social outcomes. Who this helps: This helps young women who are NEET and may be struggling with mental health and social issues.

Plain English
Researchers surveyed ketogenic diet experts at a training conference in the UK to understand the challenges they face in helping patients with epilepsy. Out of 63 attendees, most were dietitians, and they reported that 79% of their teams included both a dietitian and a doctor. Key problems included long waiting lists, lack of adult services, and insufficient affordable food options, which hindered their ability to start and continue ketogenic diet therapy for patients. Who this helps: This information benefits dietitians and physicians working with epilepsy patients.

Plain English
This study looked at how Australian beef farmers prioritize different biosecurity practices to manage bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). Researchers found that combinations of "double-fencing farm boundaries" and "vaccination against BVDV" were the best strategies for maintaining the health of cattle over a 15-year period, preferred by farmers who valued cattle health above all. This matters because adopting these practices could significantly reduce the risk of disease and improve the overall health of herds, despite the higher costs involved. Who this helps: Beef farmers and livestock veterinarians.

Plain English
This study examined two different regimens for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men (MSM) who may not want to take daily medication. Researchers compared a boosted medication called elvitegravir and an unboosted medication called bictegravir to see how long they stayed in the body after two doses. They found that bictegravir levels in the blood stayed high for up to 96 hours after taking it, while elvitegravir dropped to undetectable levels within 48 hours. Who this helps: This research benefits both patients looking for flexible HIV prevention options and doctors prescribing these treatments.

Plain English
This study looked at how the beliefs and values of Australian beef cattle farmers influence their biosecurity practices, which are crucial for preventing disease on farms. Researchers interviewed 11 farmers and found that the values of Benevolence (caring for others) and Self-direction (openness to change) were linked to better biosecurity behaviors. Farmers respond positively to education about disease risks and the benefits of biosecurity, but some trust-based relationships can make it harder to change their practices. Who this helps: This helps farmers and those involved in livestock health management.

Plain English
This study looked at how well mirtazapine, a medication, works to reduce agitation in people with Alzheimer's disease who did not respond to non-drug treatments. Researchers involved 244 participants and found that mirtazapine was not effective compared to a placebo; in fact, more patients in the mirtazapine group died during the trial (7 compared to 1 in the placebo group). Additionally, caregivers faced significantly higher costs when caring for patients on mirtazapine. Who this helps: This research helps inform doctors and caregivers about the limited benefits and potential risks of using mirtazapine for treating agitation in dementia patients.

Plain English
This study looked at the effectiveness and cost of using mirtazapine, a medication, for treating agitation in people with dementia compared to a placebo over 12 weeks. The researchers found that there was no significant difference in costs or improvements in agitation levels between the two groups: 81 participants on mirtazapine and 90 on placebo showed similar results. This matters because it indicates that mirtazapine is not an effective or cost-efficient option for managing agitation in dementia, highlighting the need for better treatment options. Who this helps: This helps patients with dementia and their caregivers.

Plain English
This study looked at ways to stop Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) from harming beef cattle in Australia. It found that not using the right biosecurity measures can lead to significant financial losses, estimating around AUD$172 per animal for farms without nearby infected cattle and AUD$453 for those with them over 15 years. Using certain strategies, like quarantining new bulls and improving fencing, can help reduce these losses and protect animal welfare. Who this helps: This research benefits beef farmers who want to prevent BVDV and improve their herd's health.

Plain English
This study looked at a new way to create dental prosthetics using a special silicone mold made from 3D printing. Researchers found that this method allows dentists to create accurate and well-fitted dental pieces more quickly and efficiently. This is important because it can improve a patient’s experience and reduce the time spent in the dental chair. Who this helps: Patients needing dental prosthetics.

Plain English
This study looked at how certain genetic changes in prostate cancer tumors, specifically frameshift mutations, can predict how well patients respond to immunotherapy with anti-PD1 treatment. Among 65 men with a specific type of advanced prostate cancer, 65% showed a positive response to the therapy, and those with a higher proportion of frameshift mutations had better survival outcomes, with an average progression-free survival of 24 weeks. These findings are important because they highlight a new way to identify which patients might benefit most from these treatments. Who this helps: This helps patients with mismatch repair-deficient prostate cancer by identifying those more likely to respond to immunotherapy.

Plain English
This study looked at how malnutrition affects the health outcomes of patients with femoral neck fractures. Researchers found that patients at high risk of malnutrition had a significantly higher chance of dying in the hospital (17.7%) compared to those at low risk (5.2%), and the risk of death remained high even 120 days later. Additionally, patients with worse nutritional status spent more time in the hospital and were more likely to need extra support when they went home. Who this helps: Patients with femoral neck fractures and their healthcare providers.

Plain English
This study looked at how different computer programs can create 2D and 3D models of patients' faces to help plan dental restorations when more advanced imaging isn't necessary. The researchers reviewed 33 articles and found that while these programs can combine facial features with dental planning, there's not enough information on how accurately they represent patients or how these different representations affect dentists’ opinions on aesthetics. Understanding these differences is important for improving dental treatment plans and ensuring they meet patient needs. Who this helps: This helps dentists and dental professionals looking to improve their restorative procedures.

Plain English
This study explored whether urine, dried blood spots, and cheek swabs could be used to test for antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) easily and quickly in patients. Researchers found that high levels of certain drugs, like tenofovir and emtricitabine, were present in urine and dried blood spots for at least 24 hours after taking medication, while some drugs could be detected in cheek swabs for up to 24 hours. This research is important because it shows the potential for quicker testing methods that could help ensure patients are taking their medications properly. Who this helps: This helps patients and doctors by providing more accessible ways to monitor medication adherence.

Plain English
This study examined how well certain HIV medications (tenofovir alafenamide, emtricitabine, elvitegravir, darunavir, and cobicistat) distribute in the urethra and glans (the tip) of the penis after a single dose. Researchers found that emtricitabine and darunavir reached their highest levels in the urethra after 4 and 8 hours, respectively, with peak concentrations of 36 ng/swab for emtricitabine and 25 ng/swab for darunavir. This matters because higher drug concentrations in these areas may help protect against HIV infection in men. Who this helps: This benefits HIV-negative men at risk of infection.

Plain English
This study looked at how virtual clinics can manage follow-up care for patients after hip and knee joint replacements. Researchers evaluated 154 joint surgeries and found that 59% of the patients could be safely discharged after virtual follow-up, saving about £10,449 per year per doctor compared to traditional face-to-face visits. This approach not only improves efficiency but also reduces costs for the healthcare system, making it a valuable option as the number of surgeries increases. Who this helps: This benefits patients and doctors by streamlining post-surgery care and saving costs.

Plain English
Researchers looked at how patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) respond to corticosteroids, identifying two different subgroups of patients. In their study of 483 patients, they found that 23% belonged to a group with worse conditions and higher mortality rates—75% compared to 48% in the other group—over 90 days. This matters because understanding these subgroups can help tailor treatments, as the hyperinflammatory group benefits more from corticosteroids, while the hypoinflammatory group may actually do worse with them. Who this helps: This helps doctors provide better treatment options for COVID-19 patients suffering from ARDS.

Plain English
This study looked at whether the Nottingham Hip Fracture Score (NHFS) can predict how likely patients with distal femur fractures are to die within 30 days and one year after their injury. Among 91 patients examined, those with a score higher than 4 had a one-year mortality rate of 36.6%, compared to just 8% for those with a score of 4 or lower. These findings are important because they help identify which patients are at higher risk and may need more careful medical attention before surgery. Who this helps: This benefits doctors and healthcare providers in caring for elderly patients with fractures.

Plain English
This study looked at the impact of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) on beef cattle production in southeast Australia. Researchers created a new model that showed BVDV could establish itself in a herd after just one introduction in 60% of cases and found that smaller herds face a more severe immediate impact, while larger herds have a 23% chance of the virus lasting more than 15 years. Understanding these dynamics is crucial because BVDV can cause significant production losses, affecting the profitability of beef farms in the long run. Who this helps: Beef farmers and veterinarians working to manage cattle health.

Plain English
In this study, researchers looked at how a specific genetic variant (HSD3B1 c.1245) affects the treatment outcomes of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who were treated with drugs abiraterone or enzalutamide. They found that only 8.3% of the 266 patients had the homozygous variant, and those men had significantly worse survival rates—23.6 months compared to 30.7 months for those without the variant—and shorter treatment durations. This matters because identifying patients with this genetic variant could lead to better treatment decisions and the need for new therapies targeting those individuals. Who this helps: This helps patients with metastatic prostate cancer by improving treatment choices based on their genetics.

Plain English
This study looked at a remote health coaching program designed to help pregnant women manage their weight during pregnancy and after giving birth. The program was found to be effective: 77% of women using the coaching met recommended weight gain limits, compared to 54% in a group that received standard health education. This matters because controlling weight gain during and after pregnancy can improve future health for mothers. Who this helps: This helps pregnant women and new mothers.

Plain English
This study looked at how specific genetic markers in prostate cancer are linked to the spread of the disease to the bones and resistance to treatment. Researchers found that a combination of two genes, MYC and RAS, is important in driving bone metastasis, and they discovered a gene pattern that could help predict how fast the cancer spreads and how well patients respond to treatment. This is important because it could lead to more tailored treatments for prostate cancer patients, improving their chances of successful outcomes. Who this helps: Patients with prostate cancer and their doctors.

Plain English
This research paper discusses a new method for creating clear silicone molds used in dental restorations. The study found that using digital tools and 3D printing significantly saves time and money compared to traditional methods. This is important because it makes the process of preparing temporary dental restorations faster and cheaper for dental practices. Who this helps: Patients and dental professionals.

Plain English
This study looked at whether urine tests could effectively show if HIV-negative men who have sex with men are taking their HIV prevention medications as prescribed. Researchers tested urine and blood from 34 participants and found that those taking TDF/FTC had significantly higher levels of the drug tenofovir than those on TAF/FTC/COBI/EVG, especially just after taking the medication, suggesting that urine could be a reliable way to check medication adherence. This is important because better adherence to HIV prevention can lead to a decrease in new infections. Who this helps: Patients taking HIV prevention medications.

Plain English
This study looked at a new method for fixing white spots on teeth and closing gaps between front teeth in a young patient who had braces. Researchers used digital technology to create custom molds from photos and scans of the patient's mouth, allowing for accurate and effective results. They found that this three-part mold design helped ensure the treatment was precise and matched the patient's needs perfectly. Who this helps: This helps patients seeking aesthetic improvements in their smiles, especially those with white spots or gaps in their teeth after orthodontic treatment.

Plain English
This study examined the risk of the dangerous foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) spreading among sheep farms in New South Wales, Australia. It found that the chances of disease introduction varied, with a 62% probability coming from new sheep, 71% from neighboring farms, and around 15% from wildlife or carriers like humans and vehicles. The overall risk of FMD spreading from one infected farm to others was over 60%. This research is important because it highlights specific actions farmers can take to prevent outbreaks, protecting both their businesses and the broader Australian sheep export market. Who this helps: This helps sheep farmers and the livestock industry by providing strategies to reduce disease risks.

Plain English
This study looked at how using a special type of lubricant in the rectum affects the levels of HIV prevention drugs and the bacteria present in the rectum among men who have sex with men. Researchers found that after using the lubricant for a week, there were no changes in the drug levels in rectal tissue, but there was a decrease in certain bacteria (Bacteroides) and a slight increase in others (Prevotella). This matters because it shows that while the lubricant doesn't affect the effectiveness of the HIV prevention drug, it can alter the bacteria in the gut, which could have other health implications. Who this helps: Patients using PrEP and health care providers managing their care.

Plain English
This study examined how certain genetic mutations affect the immune response to two types of infections: Candida (a fungus) and Mycobacterium (a type of bacteria). Researchers found that individuals with specific mutations in the RORC gene had severe problems defending against both infections; they lacked certain immune cells needed to fight Candida and had a weakened response to Mycobacterium, affecting their overall immunity. This is important because it highlights how a single genetic defect can lead to multiple infections, resulting in significant health issues for those affected. Who this helps: Patients with these specific genetic mutations and their healthcare providers.

Plain English
This study looked at how protected areas, like parks and reserves, impact local communities in southeastern Australia. Researchers analyzed data from 110 communities over ten years and found that new protected areas led to an increase in housing approvals, a growth in local businesses, and higher revenue for local governments. These findings show that when communities benefit economically from having protected areas, they are more likely to support conservation efforts. Who this helps: This helps local communities, businesses, and government officials.

Plain English
This study looked at whether pediatric dentists could accurately predict how preschoolers would behave during dental procedures by watching short video clips of the kids beforehand. The results showed that 89% of the dentists correctly predicted the behaviors of the children in at least four out of six clips, although they struggled more with uncooperative kids, being accurate only 33% of the time. This is important because it suggests that using video clips as a tool can help dentists better prepare for interacting with young patients and improve their care. Who this helps: This helps pediatric dentists and their young patients.

Plain English
A 52-year-old man had surgery to replace parts of his hip and later developed abdominal pain five days after feeling unwell. Doctors found signs of infection and an unusual fluid collection near his hip. They replaced his hip implant during surgery, which resolved his issues, and he was pain-free at his last check-up. Who this helps: This helps patients with hip replacements who experience unexplained pain.

Plain English
This study looked at how effective wrist MRI arthrograms are compared to wrist arthroscopy for diagnosing wrist issues. It involved 30 patients, where MRI arthrograms accurately identified TFCC tears 90% of the time and lunotriquetral ligament issues perfectly, but were less accurate for scapholunate ligament tears at 91%. This matters because it helps doctors choose the best imaging method for diagnosing wrist problems, balancing both accuracy and cost. Who this helps: Patients with wrist injuries.

Plain English
Researchers studied the bacteria found on the skin, ears, and other areas of feral cats in Grenada over two years. They collected samples from 54 cats and identified 251 bacteria, with the most common being E. coli (60 instances) and Staphylococcus felis/simulans (40 instances). Importantly, they found that most of these bacteria were sensitive to antibiotics, meaning treatments should remain effective. Who this helps: This benefits veterinarians and pet owners by providing insights into cat health and antibiotic effectiveness.

Plain English
This study looked at how effective an over-the-counter moisturizer called Aquaphor is compared to two prescription creams for treating mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis (a common skin condition) in children. Researchers found that all three creams worked similarly well, but Aquaphor was at least 47 times less expensive than the prescription options. This is important because it shows that families can save money while using a treatment that is just as effective for their children's skin condition. Who this helps: Patients and their families dealing with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis.

Plain English
This study focused on the challenges that doctors and patients face in understanding health risks when diagnostic tests are not precise. The researchers developed a free, user-friendly software tool that helps both clinicians and patients better understand uncertain health information using clear visualizations. This is important because it can lead to more informed health decisions, especially as personalized medicine becomes more common. Who this helps: This benefits patients and doctors by improving communication about health risks.

Plain English
This study looks at how dentists should handle patients who come to appointments under the influence of alcohol or marijuana. It found that while there's no clear standard for how to treat these patients, a strict "do not treat" rule is not necessary. Instead, the authors suggest dentists should prioritize informed consent and consider safety for patients getting home afterward. Who this helps: This helps dentists and their patients by providing clear recommendations for managing these situations safely.

Plain English
This study looked at how well a lotion containing 1% pramoxine helps reduce itching in adults on hemodialysis who have severe itching due to kidney disease. The results showed that the pramoxine lotion led to a 61% decrease in itchiness, while the control lotion only reduced itching by 12%. This finding is important because it offers a safe and effective option for many patients suffering from this uncomfortable condition. Who this helps: This helps adult hemodialysis patients dealing with severe itching.